Cyclone Power Technologies' Waste Heat Engine, which would power EATR.
- A Maryland company under contract to the Pentagon is working on a steam-powered robot that would fuel itself by gobbling up whatever organic material it can find — grass, wood, old furniture, even dead bodies.Robotic Technology Inc.'s Energetically Autonomous Tactical Robot — that's right, "EATR" — "can find, ingest, and extract energy from biomass in the environment (and other organically-based energy sources)
Nanosolar is leading the “Third Wave” of solar power technology:
Nanosolar -- brings together the entire conjunction of all seven areas of innovation, each break-through in their own right, to deliver a dramatic improvement in the cost-efficiency, yield, and throughput of the production of much thinner solar cells.
Nanosolar is a global leader in solar power innovation. We are setting the standard for affordable green power with solar cell technology of distinctly superior cost efficiency, versatility, and availability.
Our mission is very simple: Delivering cost-efficient solar electricity.
Leveraging recent science in nanostructured materials, we have developed a critical mass of engineering advances that profoundly change the cost efficiency and production scalability of solar electricity cells and panels.
Our first product, the Nanosolar Utility Panel™ enables unprecedented system economics at utility scale.
Founded in 2002, we are building the world's largest solar cell factory in California and the world's largest panel-assembly factory in Germany.
Nanosolar 200,000 SQFT FACILITY SanJose,CALI
Nanosolar's 500,000 sqft manufacturing site nearr Berlin
http://www.nanosolar.com/technology.htm
nanoparticle ink
Leveraging recent science advances in nanostructured materials, Nanosolar has developed a proprietary ink that makes it possible to simply print the semiconductor of a high-performance solar cell. This ink is based on Nanosolar developing various proprietary forms of nanoparticles and associated organic dispersion chemistry and processing techniques suitable for delivering a semiconductor of high electronic quality.
A key advantage of the ink is specific to an idiosyncracy of the CIGS semiconductor: Because it consists of four elements which have to be in just the right atomic ratios to each other, the ink serves a useful purpose by effectively "locking in" a uniform distribution ("by design"). The homogeneous mix of nanoparticles in the ink in just the right overall amounts ensures that the atomic ratios of the four elements are correct wherever the ink is printed, even across large areas of deposition. This contrasts to vacuum deposition processes where, due to the four-element nature of CIGS, one effectively has to "atomically" synchronize various materials sources -- a challenge with no successful precedent in any industry on a repeatable high-yield production-scale basis.
SEMICONDUCTOR PRINTING
printsemi
Printing is by far the simplest, highest-yield, and most capital-efficient technique for depositing thin films. Printing is extremely fast; the equipment involved is easy to use and maintain; and it works in plain air (no vacuum chamber required).Another key advantage of a printable CIGS ink is that one can print it just where one wants it to be, achieving high materials utilization of the semiconductor material. Printing is much simpler and more robust than vacuum deposition techniques such as sputtering or evaporation which have conventionally been used to fabricate thin-film solar cells; the process cost of vacuum techniques is so high that the result is not an inexpensive cell relative to the per-square-meter economics that the solar industry requires.
CONDUCTIVE SUBSTRATE
widefoil
Nanosolar is the first and so far only company in the world that has managed to make efficient solar cells work on a metal foil substrate that is both low cost and highly conductive. Our metal foil has a conductivity that is more than 20 times higher than that of the stainless steel used by others -- and thus enables major cost reduction on the solar cell's thin-film bottom electrode.
Note that a thin-film solar cell consists most fundamentally of an absorber layer (the semiconductor) sandwiched in between a top and a bottom electrode layer. If the thin films of a solar cell are deposited directly onto a highly conductive metal foil (as opposed to glass or stainless steel), then the bottom electrode gets much simpler because the substrate can do the job of carrying the current.
ROLL-TO-ROLL PROCESSING
Roll-to-roll processing is the manufacturing implementation framework of choice for any product with very low cost required per large areas of deposition. Rolls that are meters wide and miles long can be processed efficiently with very high throughput (and thus minimal capital cost) in equipment with a very small footprint.
A key advantage of roll-to-roll processing is that after the first few meters of initializing a new roll, the whole process hits a steady state which can then be maintained for the entire rest of the roll, resulting in very uniform deposition process parameters applied to essentially the entire (foil) substrate. This is much better than processing wafers or glass plates, which have to be moved in and out of each process station individually, introducing undesirable start-up and move-out process state variability (and cycle time cost).
Edge effects are also greatly minimized in roll processing (whereas processing glass plates or wafers requires much work and capital dealing with uniformity issues at the edges of the substrate).
LOW-COST TOP ELECTRODE
Nanosolar has developed a fundamental innovation on its solar cells' top electrode (not shown below) which has two major benefits: It supports an entire order of magnitude higher current than any past or present thin-film solar product known; and it is very low cost. Note that obtaining a good top electrode is challenging because it has to be both transparent and conductive.
SORTED-CELL ASSEMBLY
Nanosolar's approach combines the advantages of thin films with the power of electrically matched cells, resulting in better panel efficiency distribution and yield. Note that with conventional thin-film-on-glass solar technology, cell sorting and matching is not possible because cell transitions are created through scribing after they are already deposited on the glass substrate. But since each cell has somewhat different electrical characteristics, a thin-film-on-glass panel consists of cells that may not be well-matched. It turns out that the effect of electrical mismatch per cell leads to exponentially greater losses per panel as a result, and panel yield and efficiency distribution suffer: A bad cell results in a bad panel with thin-film-on-glass technology; but with a cell-sorting technology, only that cell will be a loss. The value impact of that difference is staggering: If a panel contains 100 cells, sorted-cell assembly lowers the yield-loss cost of a bad cell to 1/100th compared to monolithic cell integration.
HIGH CURRENT PANEL
With conventional silicon solar technology, individual wafer cells are sorted into performance bins before the cells are assembled into panels. This ensures that each panel produced contains cells with matched electrical characteristics.
Based on our cell and product design innovations, Nanosolar is capable of delivering high-power solar panels with 5-10 times higher current than other thin-film solar panels on the market today.
This has enabled us to work with our partners and customers to dramatically reduce the balance-of-system cost involved in deploying solar electricity systems.
The amount of current that a panel can support is important because current capacity limitations negatively impact balance-of-system cost and thus power economics.
DESIGNED TO LAST
Product reliability has always been our top design priority. Our panels are rigorously tested to achieve a durability compatible with our 25-year warranty.
In fact, we test our products under much harsher conditions than mandated by official certification standards. We also expose them to harsh outdoor environments such as the Arizona desert and the Antarctic:
Accelerated lifetime testing is possible through specialized equipment that performs many -40°C to +85°C heat cycles per day, that exposes solar cells to intense UV light, and that exposes them to intense humidity. This has made it possible for us to study potential degradation mechanisms at accelerated time scale during product development.
During production, we continuously perform tests on randomly sampled production output in the form of accelerated lifetime tests under simulated high-stress conditions in indoor environmental chambers.
INVESTORS
Nanosolar is a privately held company with financial backing from an elite group of private technology investors, including:
Premier venture funds
Benchmark Capital -- the venture firm behind such franchise companies as eBay, Handspring, Juniper Networks and Red Hat Software;
MDV - Mohr Davidow Ventures -- the venture firm behind such leading companies as Rambus, Epigram, FormFactor, and Agile Software;
Leading corporations
EDF -- the world's largest electric utility;
AES Corporation -- one of the world's largest power producers;
Energy Capital Partners -- a multi-billion developer of energy projects;
Riverstone Holdings -- a multi-billion developer of energy projects of the Carlyle Group;
Swiss Re -- the world's leading and most diversified reinsurer;
Mitsui & Co., Ltd. -- Japan's oldest and largest international trading company with over 300 years of business presence in the world and more than $100 billion in annual business;
Blue-chip family offices
First Ventury -- SAP founder Klaus Tschira's investment vehicle;
the Skoll Foundation -- formed by eBay founding President Jeff Skoll;
the private fund by eBay founder Pierre Omidyar;
Top-ranked hedge funds
Lone Pine Capital -- one of the world's top ranked hedge funds;
SAC Capital -- one of the world's leading hedge funds;
GLG Partners -- Europe's largest hedge fund;
LGT Capital Group -- Europe's largest wealth and asset management group;
Grazia Equity -- the original backer of Conergy AG, the world's largest PV system integrator;
as well as
Stanford University -- the place where many of our team members received their education;
Individual investors including Martin Roscheisen, Sergey Brin, Carl & Larry Page, Mark Pincus, Reid Hoffman, Sunil Paul, Bernhard Beck, and Christian Reitberger.
Yesterday we got our nitrogen tank installed in San Jose. It’s a big one…as is everything in this factory. nstank
"...the secret ingredient behind a new kind of technology startup that's turning heads in Silicon Valley..." [CNN article]
U.S. Senator Boxer on DARPA funding Nanosolar with $10.3 million:"This grant is exciting because it promises new technology to address our energy needs and because it again demonstrates the strength of the Bay Area's innovative private sector partnered with its world-class universities and research facilities."
The following is a partial list of recent awards and reviews:
11/2008: Nanosolar receives the prestigious "Energy Innovators" award by the U.S. Department of Energy.
10/2008: Time Magazine acknowledges Nanosolar technology as one of the Best Inventions in 2008.
9/2008: U.S. Senator Barbara Boxer presents the U.S. Senate Conservation Champion award to Nanosolar.
11/2007: Popular Science Magazine recognizes Nanosolar as the #1 innovation of 2007. Runner-up awards include the Apple iPhone and the Audi R8. See also press release.
11/2006: The World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, names Nanosolar a Technology Pioneer.
10/2006: Inc. Magazine names Nanosolar one of the Green 50 [List].
10/2005: SmallTimes names Nanosolar one of the Top 5 Small Tech Companies [List].
7/2005: Red Herring names Nanosolar one of the Top 10 Clean Energy Companies [List].
4/2005: Nanosolar named one of the Top 100 Private Companies [List].
2/2005: Nanosolar receives $750,000 in SBIR Phase-II funding.
8/2004: Nanosolar wins the largest award in a prestigious, industry-wide DARPA competition with the goal of developing fundamentally superior solar cells. U.S. Senator Boxer congratulates Nanosolar for developing "new technology to address our energy needs".
1/2004: Nanosolar awarded Nanoelectronics grant from the National Nanotechnology Initiative.
2/2003: Nanosolar awarded a grant for innovative R&D from the California Energy Commission.
CNET, June 12, 2005 Google Founders Invest in Solar Energy CNET Editor Michael Kanellos digs up previously unannounced information on Nanosolar's investors.
National Public Radio, July 9, 2004 Living on Earth. Interviews with Shell Solar, Powerlight, and Nanosolar.
MIT Technology Review, June 2004 Solar-Cell Roll-Out "Breakthroughs in nanotech are now making it possible to churn out cheap, flexible solar cells by the meter."
Forbes, Nov 24, 2003 Bright Ideas Forbes editorial on new technologies to harness solar energy.
Newsweek, Nov 17, 2003 VCs investing in solar-cell technologies Newsweek describes Nanosolar to report that greentech companies are now being funded by venture capitalists.
The Wall Street Journal, Aug 28, 2003 Bets are On Again The WSJ points to Nanosolar as a first in a new market category of venture investments.